M 6.6 Lake Grassmere Fri, Aug 16 2013

This earthquake followed the magnitude 6.5 Cook Strait earthquake on 21st July. It caused damage to buildings on both sides of Cook Strait.


Summary


The Lake Grassmere earthquake had a magnitude of 6.6. It occurred just after 2:30 pm on a Friday afternoon, and was centred 8 km under the north-east of the South Island. The focal mechanism shows it to be a strike-slip earthquake, similar to the M6.5 earthquake in the previous month. Two similarly-sized earthquakes with the same sort of characteristics are termed a "doublet".

The aftershock sequence included one of magnitude 6 and several over magnitude 5. We regularly updated the aftershock forecast for central New Zealand until June 2014, when probabilities had returned to pre-July 2013 levels.

24 hours of seismic activity recording at Cape Campbell (CMWZ) from 5am Friday 16th August to 5am Saturday 17th August, showing the Lake Grassmere M6.6 earthquake and aftershocks.

24 hours of seismic activity recording at Cape Campbell (CMWZ) from 5am Friday 16th August to 5am Saturday 17th August, showing the Lake Grassmere M6.6 earthquake and aftershocks.

24 hours of seismic activity recording at Cape Campbell (CMWZ) from 5am Friday 16th August to 5am Saturday 17th August, showing the Lake Grassmere M6.6 earthquake and aftershocks.
The ShakeMap showing the shaking intensity as determined by GeoNet instruments and modelled against ground conditions. (This is still in 'beta' testing and will be refined before official release.)

The ShakeMap showing the shaking intensity as determined by GeoNet instruments and modelled against ground conditions. (This is still in 'beta' testing and will be refined before official release.)

The ShakeMap showing the shaking intensity as determined by GeoNet instruments and modelled against ground conditions. (This is still in 'beta' testing and will be refined before official release.)

GeoNet response


Current research


Movement along the fault beneath the earth's surface. Movement is represented by the coloured patch.

As more data comes in, researchers at GNS Science gain a better understanding of how the fault ruptured in the magnitude 6.6 earthquake on Friday afternoon 16th August, and more importantly how the earthquake sequence affects the crust in the region.

Data analysed from 28 of GeoNet’s GPS stations tell us how the land shifted during the large quake; this lets us see what happened kilometres beneath the earth’s surface. Using these data we can reconstruct the complex movement within the earth.

The largest land shift was recorded at Cape Campbell, land here moved 18 cm to the west. The movement of the land during each earthquake is shown in the image below. Beneath the earth's surface, the maximum movement on the fault is approximately 3m which occurred 8km below Lake Grassmere. As the image to the right shows, the fault movement is spread over an area 10km in length; this extends from 4km to 14km below the earth’s surface. Observations by our geologists on the ground confirm that the fault did not reach the surface, as they did not find any evidence of a surface expression.

Blue mechanisms are prior to the 21 July M6.5 event, red mechanisms are for the 21 July M6.5 event and up until the 16 August M6.6 event, and yellow mechanisms are the 16 August M6.6 sequence until 17 August 1pm.

Blue mechanisms are prior to the 21 July M6.5 event, red mechanisms are for the 21 July M6.5 event and up until the 16 August M6.6 event, and yellow mechanisms are the 16 August M6.6 sequence until 17 August 1pm.

Blue mechanisms are prior to the 21 July M6.5 event, red mechanisms are for the 21 July M6.5 event and up until the 16 August M6.6 event, and yellow mechanisms are the 16 August M6.6 sequence until 17 August 1pm.

Just like many things in nature, no two earthquakes are the same. In comparison to the July magnitude 6.5 earthquake, Friday’s quake had a more concentrated rupture. The maximum movement was more than twice that of the 21st July quake, however, the total area of fault rupture was much smaller.

Movement along the fault beneath the earth's surface. Movement is represented by the coloured patch.

Movement along the fault beneath the earth's surface. Movement is represented by the coloured patch.

Movement along the fault beneath the earth's surface. Movement is represented by the coloured patch.
Land displacement of GPS stations in both the M6.5 Cook Strait and M6.6 Lake Grassmere. The greatest displacement was seen at Cape Campbell during the M6.6 earthquake, land here moved 18cm to the west.

Land displacement of GPS stations in both the M6.5 Cook Strait and M6.6 Lake Grassmere. The greatest displacement was seen at Cape Campbell during the M6.6 earthquake, land here moved 18cm to the west.

Land displacement of GPS stations in both the M6.5 Cook Strait and M6.6 Lake Grassmere. The greatest displacement was seen at Cape Campbell during the M6.6 earthquake, land here moved 18cm to the west.
A comparison of ground shaking between the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes. Much higher levels evident in Marlborough due to proximity to the epicentre.

A comparison of ground shaking between the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes. Much higher levels evident in Marlborough due to proximity to the epicentre.

A comparison of ground shaking between the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes. Much higher levels evident in Marlborough due to proximity to the epicentre.

This research is very much a work in progress, and part of a much larger research effort into the affected region. Data gathering is still on-going and complementary tools are used to help to piece together the complex mechanics of what happened. Satellite images obtained by the German ‘TerraSAR-X’ satellite that fly over New Zealand, are adding another piece to the puzzle. Researchers are able to compare a ‘before’ and ‘after’ satellite image and see how the earth has moved.

Engineering


The available strong motion data products for Lake Grassmere earthquake, together with plots of seismic waveforms and response spectra, are available from the GeoNet strong-motion site. Through the GeoNet API, a summary information of station peak motions for this event is also available (https://api.geonet.org.nz/intensity/strong/processed/2013p613797).

Geology Reconnaissance Trips


Land-based reconnaissance

The morning after the Grassmere earthquake, Russ Van Dissen (GNS Science) and Professor Tim Little (Victoria University of Wellington) headed south from Wellington to undertake a land-based geology reconnaissance of the epicentral area.

Earthquake triggered rock-fall onto Kaparu Road near Lake Grassmere.

Earthquake triggered rock-fall onto Kaparu Road near Lake Grassmere.

Earthquake triggered rock-fall onto Kaparu Road near Lake Grassmere.
Cracking of service road near Lake Grassmere due to slumping of the road towards nearby channel (out of picture to right).

Cracking of service road near Lake Grassmere due to slumping of the road towards nearby channel (out of picture to right).

Cracking of service road near Lake Grassmere due to slumping of the road towards nearby channel (out of picture to right).
Crust of the salt pile at Lake Grassmere was broken into blocks due to earthquake shaking and the settlement of the pile.

Crust of the salt pile at Lake Grassmere was broken into blocks due to earthquake shaking and the settlement of the pile.

Crust of the salt pile at Lake Grassmere was broken into blocks due to earthquake shaking and the settlement of the pile.

A primary objective was to look for evidence, or otherwise, of ground-surface fault rupture. If the fault that ruptured in the Lake Grassmere earthquake extended to the ground surface, it would cut across State Highway 1 and the Main North Railway near Lake Grassmere. After detailed examination of the State Highway and the railway, as well as other roads, Tim and Russ concluded that there was no evidence at all that the fault broke to the ground surface. They found cracking and slumping of the State Highway and other roads, but this was invariably the result of failure of unsupported embankment slopes, and differential settlement of artificial fill at bridge abutments, over culverts, and at contacts with harder bedrock.

Another objective was to look for signs of liquefaction – especially given the experiences in Christchurch where extensive liquefaction was triggered in low-lying areas during several earthquakes of the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence that were of a lesser magnitude compared to the Lake Grassmere earthquake. Russ and Tim examined the low lying and coastal areas around Lake Grassmere, and the Wairau, Awatere, Blind and Flaxbourne rivers. Surprisingly, little – if any – evidence for liquefaction was identified.

Air-based reconnaissance

A helicopter reconnaissance by GNS staff members was undertaken on 20th and 21st August to assess any new ground damage after the 16th August Lake Grassmere earthquake. Only minor signs of liquefaction were apparent, mainly on southern side of Lake Grassmere. There were also only minor reactivations of previous landslides on the cliffs of White Bluffs and Cape Campbell to Lake Grassmere with no new significant landslides observed. A slight increase in the number and size of new and reactivated landslides on the coast south of Cape Campbell was observed. The most significant finding from the flight was in the Haldon Hills area around the Flaxbourne River near Ward, where new cracks on ridge crests (“ridge rents”) and terrace edges, many new landslides and large displaced boulders were noted.

Liquefaction and sand boils on the south side of Lake Grassmere.

Liquefaction and sand boils on the south side of Lake Grassmere.

Liquefaction and sand boils on the south side of Lake Grassmere.
Rockfall in the Haldon Hills area, southwest of Lake Grassmere.

Rockfall in the Haldon Hills area, southwest of Lake Grassmere.

Rockfall in the Haldon Hills area, southwest of Lake Grassmere.